A Descriptive Study of Specialist and Non-Specialist Teachers' Preparation towards Educational Inclusion.

Attention to educational diversity in educational centers has become an important topic, so it is necessary to address challenges to offer an individualized educational response. Thus, specialist teachers must adopt a leading role in order that education systems move towards inclusion. The objective of this study is to measure Spanish primary school teachers' perceptions about their preparation for inclusive education, considering possible differences between specialist teachers (therapeutic pedagogy and hearing and speech) and non-specialist teachers. The sample was made up of 284 teachers who work in the primary education stage in public Spanish schools, who responded to the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Teacher Preparation for Inclusion (CEFI-R). Significant differences were found according to the specialism of the participants. It can be concluded that teachers consider their initial preparation in this subject insufficient but show positive conception towards educational inclusion.

Test-Retest Reliability of Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST) in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Functional independence in adults is conditioned by lower limb muscle strength. Thus, it seems important to assess lower limb strength using reliable and easy to reproduce measurements. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to collect studies that examined the test-retest reliability of the Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST) in adults. The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, including all studies published up to 28 December 2020. To be included, studies had to include relative reliability scores (ICC) and maximum torque or standard error of measurements (SEM) of FTSST. A total of 693 studies were initially identified, but only 8 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis, covering a total of 14 groups with 400 participants. Relative inter-rater reliability results (ICC = 0.937, p < 0.001, n = 400) revealed excellent reliability of FTSST to assess sitting and standing performance, lower limbs strength and balance control. Conclusion: The Five Times Sit to Stand Test is a highly reliable tool for assessing lower limbs strength, balance control, and mobility in both healthy adults and those with pathologies.

Association between 30-s Chair Stand-Up Test and Anthropometric Values, Vibration Perception Threshold, FHSQ, and 15-D in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, worldwide disease affecting more than 400 million people. This pathology involves several associated problems, such as diabetic neuropathy complications, obesity, and foot problems, both in terms of health and sensitivity. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the relationships of the 30-s chair stand-up test with the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ), the vibration perception threshold (VPT), and the 15-dimensional (15-D) questionnaire in T2DM people. METHODOLOGY: Ninety participants with T2DM were assessed in terms of fat mass percentage, VPT, foot health, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and the 30-s chair stand-up test. RESULTS: The 30-s chair stand-up test was found to exhibit a moderate relationship with "physical activity" (rho = 0.441; p ≤ 0.001) and "vigor" (rho = 0.443; p ≤ 0.001) from FHSQ. The 30-s chair stand-up test was also found to be weakly associated with foot pain (rho = 0.358; p = 0.001), 15-D total score (rho = 0.376; p ≤ 0.001), "sleeping" (rho = 0.371; p < 0.001), and "depression" (rho = 0.352; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The 30-s chair stand-up test is associated with "physical activity", "vigor", and "foot pain" from the FHSQ and the 15-D questionnaire total score and its dimensions "sleeping" and "depression" in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Therefore, following the results obtained, qualified clinicians can use the 30-s chair stand-up test as a good tool for monitoring and managing type 2 diabetes.

Effects of Ganoderma lucidum and Ceratonia siliqua on blood glucose, lipid profile, and body composition in women with fibromyalgia / Efectos de Ganoderma lucidum y Ceratonia siliqua sobre la glucosa en sangre, el perfil lipídico y la composición corporal en mujeres con fibromialgia

INTRODUCTION: fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic rheumatic disorder that is related to high levels of cholesterol, high values of diastolic pressure, higher waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR), and higher body mass index. OBJECTIVES: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) and Ceratonia siliqua (CS) on blood parameters and anthropometrical measures in women with fibromyalgia. METHODS: a double-blind randomized pilot trial was carried out. One group took 6 g/day of micro-milled carpophore powder of GL for 6 weeks, while the second group took the same dose of CS flour. Fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides levels, weight, fat mass, muscular mass, waisthip ratio, and blood pressure were assessed. RESULTS: our results did not show any statistically significant differences in any of the outcome measures, even if there was a CS tendency to reduce fasting glucose levels and increase WHR. CONCLUSIONS: our results did not support the utility of both GL and CS as nutritional supplements to control blood parameters and anthropometric measures as assessed in women with fibromyalgia. Due to the limitations of the research, additional studies will be necessary to confirm our findings

INTRODUCCIÓN: la fibromialgia (FM) es una afección reumática crónica que está relacionada con altos niveles de colesterol, altos valores de presión diastólica, una mayor relación cintura-cadera y un mayor índice de masa corporal. OBJETIVOS: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de Ganoderma lucidum (GL) y Ceratonia siliqua (CS) sobre los parámetros sanguíneos y antropométricos de mujeres con fibromialgia. MÉTODOS: se realizó un ensayo piloto aleatorizado con doble ciego. Un grupo tomó 6 g/día de carpóforos micromolidos de GL durante 6 semanas, mientras que el segundo grupo tomó la misma dosis de harina de CS. Se evaluaron los niveles de glucosa, colesterol y triglicéridos, el peso, la masa grasa, la masa muscular, la relación cintura-cadera y la presión arterial. RESULTADOS: los resultados no han evidenciado ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el GL y la CS en ninguna de las medidas analizadas, aunque hubo tendencia de la CS a reducir los niveles de glucosa y aumentar la relación cintura-cadera. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados obtenidos indican que la suplementación de la dieta con GL y CS no tiene efectos positivos sobre los parámetros sanguíneos y antropométricos analizados en las mujeres con fibromialgia. Debido a las limitaciones del estudio, será necesario confirmar estos datos con ulteriores investigaciones

Effects of 8-Week Whole-Body Vibration Training on the HbA1c, Quality of Life, Physical Fitness, Body Composition and Foot Health Status in People with T2DM: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of an 8-week whole-body vibration (WBV) on the quality of life, physical fitness, body composition, glycosylate hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, and foot health status in people with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It was performed as a double-blinded randomized controlled trial of 90 people with T2DM. Primary care facilities were used. The 8-week WBV training consisted of maintaining a knee flexion at 45° during five to nine series of 30-60 s in a vibration frequency that oscillated between 12.5-18.5 and 30 s of recovery between series. The placebo group had to perform the same protocol but without vibration. Participants performed the protocol three times per week. The WBV training significantly reduced the fat mass (%) of people with T2DM. However, significant effects of WBV training were not found in the quality of life, physical fitness, foot health status, lipid profile, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, or HbA1c. Nevertheless, within groups enhances were found in HbA1c, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, foot health status, health-related quality of life, timed-up and go test, and chair-stand test in both WBV and placebo groups. WBV was shown to be beneficial for reducing the fat mass and lipid profile of people with T2DM. The improvements of the placebo group could be due to both the social benefits of enrolling in an intervention and the physical fitness benefits of isometric contractions. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of WBV and to establish a dose-response relationship in people with T2DM.

Converting Parkinson-Specific Scores into Health State Utilities to Assess Cost-Utility Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-8 (PDQ-8) with three multi-attribute utility (MAU) instruments (EQ-5D-3L, EQ-5D-5L, and 15D) and to develop mapping algorithms that could be used to transform PDQ-8 scores into MAU scores. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A final sample of 228 evaluable patients was included in the analyses. Sociodemographic and clinical data were also collected. Two EQ-5D questionnaires were scored using Spanish tariffs. Two models and three statistical techniques were used to estimate each model in the direct mapping framework for all three MAU instruments, including the most widely used ordinary least squares (OLS), the robust MM-estimator, and the generalized linear model (GLM). For both EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L, indirect response mapping based on an ordered logit model was also conducted. Three goodness-of-fit tests were employed to compare the models: the mean absolute error (MAE), the root-mean-square error (RMSE), and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) between the predicted and observed utilities. RESULTS: Health state utility scores ranged from 0.61 (EQ-5D-3L) to 0.74 (15D). The mean PDQ-8 score was 27.51. The correlation between overall PDQ-8 score and each MAU instrument ranged from - 0.729 (EQ-5D-5L) to - 0.752 (EQ-5D-3L). A mapping algorithm based on PDQ-8 items had better performance than using the overall score. For the two EQ-5D questionnaires, in general, the indirect mapping approach had comparable or even better performance than direct mapping based on MAE. CONCLUSIONS: Mapping algorithms developed in this study enable the estimation of utility values from the PDQ-8. The indirect mapping equations reported for two EQ-5D questionnaires will further facilitate the calculation of EQ-5D utility scores using other country-specific tariffs.

Chilean population norms derived from the health-related quality of Life SF-6D.

OBJECTIVES: The Health-Related Quality of Life Short Form 6D (HRQoL SF-6D) provides utility values for health status. Utilities generated have a number of potentially valuable applications in economic evaluations and not only to ensure comparability between studies. Reference values can be useful to estimate the effect on patients' HRQoL as a result of interventions in the absence of control groups. Thus, the purpose of this study was to provide normative values in the SF-6D in relation to the Chilean population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted evaluating 5293 people. SF-6D utilities were derived from the SF-12 questions. RESULTS: Mean SF-6D utility index for the whole sample was 0.74. It was better for men (0.78) than for women (0.71). The ceiling effect was much higher for men (11.16%) than for women (5.31%). Women were more likely to show problems in any dimension than were men. CONCLUSIONS: Chilean population norms for the SF-6D help in the decision-making process around health policies. Men reported higher health status than women in all subcategories analyzed. Likewise, men also reported higher scores than women in overall SF-6D dimensions.

"Fibromyalgia and quality of life: mapping the revised fibromyalgia impact questionnaire to the preference-based instruments".

BACKGROUND: The revised version of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) is one of the most widely used specific questionnaires in FM studies. However, this questionnaire does not allow calculation of QALYs as it is not a preference-based measure. The aim of this study was to develop mapping algorithm which enable FIQR scores to be transformed into utility scores that can be used in the cost utility analyses. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. One hundred and 92 Spanish women with Fibromyalgia were asked to complete four general quality of life questionnaires, i.e. EQ-5D-5 L, 15D, AQoL-8D and SF-12, and one specific disease instrument, the FIQR. A direct mapping approach was adopted to derive mapping algorithms between the FIQR and each of the four multi-attribute utility (MAU) instruments. Health state utility was treated as the dependent variable in the regression analysis, whilst the FIQR score and age were predictors. RESULTS: The mean utility scores ranged from 0.47 (AQoL-8D) to 0.69 (15D). All correlations between the FIQR total score and MAU instruments utility scores were highly significant (p < 0.0001) with magnitudes larger than 0.5. Although very slight differences in the mean absolute error were found between ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator and generalized linear model (GLM), models based on GLM were better for EQ-5D-5 L, AQoL-8D and 15D. CONCLUSION: Mapping algorithms developed in this study enable the estimation of utility values from scores in a fibromyalgia specific questionnaire.

[NORMATIVE VALUES OF SF-6D QUESTIONNAIRE FOR CHILEAN DIABETES PATIENTS]. / DATOS NORMATIVOS DEL CUESTIONARIO SF-6D EN PACIENTES DIABÉTICOS CHILENOS.

INTRODUCTION: diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with a great prevalence and economic impact worldwide. Diabetes has an impact on health-related quality of life. The SF-6D is a well-known preference-based questionnaire that allows assessing health-related quality of life. It is one of the most used worldwide because it allows knowing the social preferences derived from different states of health. However, to our knowledge, normative values of this questionnaire in Chilean diabetic population are not available. OBJECTIVE: to report normative data of the SF-6D in Chilean diabetic population. METHODS: data were taken from the National Health Survey (ENS 2009-2010) of Chile. In this study, 424 people who have diabetes (143 men and 281 women) were included. The data have been presented stratified by sex and age group, and by region, marital status, smoking, income and education. RESULTS: the global utility index was 0.70 (± 0.15) in men and 0.65 (± 0.15) in women. Only 5% of population declared having a utility "1". The utility index of the SF-6D in patients with diabetes decreases with age, in situations of low-income, low education levels. CONCLUSIONS: this study reports the normative values of the SF-6D utility index in Chilean diabetic population.

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus es una de las enfermedades crónicas de mayor prevalencia e impacto económico a nivel mundial. La diabetes produce un impacto sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de las personas que la padecen. El cuestionario SF-6D permite evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Es uno de los cuestionarios más usados a nivel mundial, ya que permite conocer las preferencias sociales de los distintos estados de salud. Sin embargo, según nuestro conocimiento no se dispone de los valores normativos de este cuestionario en la población diabética chilena. Objetivo: reportar los datos normativos del cuestionario SF-6D en la población diabética chilena. Métodos: los datos fueron extraídos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS 2009-2010) de Chile. En este estudio se incluyen 424 personas que presentan diabetes (143 hombres y 281 mujeres). Los datos se han presentado segregados por sexo y grupo de edad, así como por región, estado civil, hábito tabáquico, nivel de ingresos y estudios. Resultados: el índice de utilidad del SF-6D en mujeres chilenas con diabetes fue de 0,65 (± 0,15), mientras que en hombres fue 0,70 (± 0,15). Menos del 5% de la población declara una utilidad con valor 1. El índice de utilidad del SF-6D en pacientes con diabetes disminuye con la edad, en las situaciones de bajos ingresos y con niveles de educación bajos. Conclusiones: este estudio presenta los valores normativos chilenos del SF-6D derivado del SF-12 en pacientes con diabetes.

Datos normativos del cuestionario SF-6D en pacientes diabéticos chilenos / Normative values of sf-6d questionnaire for Chilean diabetes patients

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus es una de las enfermedades crónicas de mayor prevalencia e impacto económico a nivel mundial. La diabetes produce un impacto sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de las personas que la padecen. El cuestionario SF-6D permite evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Es uno de los cuestionarios más usados a nivel mundial, ya que permite conocer las preferencias sociales de los distintos estados de salud. Sin embargo, según nuestro conocimiento no se dispone de los valores normativos de este cuestionario en la población diabética chilena. Objetivo: reportar los datos normativos del cuestionario SF-6D en la población diabética chilena. Métodos: los datos fueron extraídos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS 2009-2010) de Chile. En este estudio se incluyen 424 personas que presentan diabetes (143 hombres y 281 mujeres). Los datos se han presentado segregados por sexo y grupo de edad, así como por región, estado civil, hábito tabáquico, nivel de ingresos y estudios. Resultados: el índice de utilidad del SF-6D en mujeres chilenas con diabetes fue de 0,65 (± 0,15), mientras que en hombres fue 0,70 (± 0,15). Menos del 5% de la población declara una utilidad con valor 1. El índice de utilidad del SF-6D en pacientes con diabetes disminuye con la edad, en las situaciones de bajos ingresos y con niveles de educación bajos. Conclusiones: este estudio presenta los valores normativos chilenos del SF-6D derivado del SF-12 en pacientes con diabetes (AU)

Introduction: diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with a great prevalence and economic impact worldwide. Diabetes has an impact on health-related quality of life. The SF-6D is a well-known preference-based questionnaire that allows assessing health-related quality of life. It is one of the most used worldwide because it allows knowing the social preferences derived from different states of health. However, to our knowledge, normative values of this questionnaire in Chilean diabetic population are not available. Objective: to report normative data of the SF-6D in Chilean diabetic population. Methods: data were taken from the National Health Survey (ENS 2009-2010) of Chile. In this study, 424 people who have diabetes (143 men and 281 women) were included. The data have been presented stratified by sex and age group, and by region, marital status, smoking, income and education. Results: the global utility index was 0.70 (± 0.15) in men and 0.65 (± 0.15) in women. Only 5% of population declared having a utility '1'. The utility index of the SF-6D in patients with diabetes decreases with age, in situations of low-income, low education levels. Conclusions: this study reports the normative values of the SF-6D utility index in Chilean diabetic population (AU)

NORMATIVE VALUES OF EQ-5D-5L FOR DIABETES PATIENTS FROM SPAIN.

INTRODUCTION: diabetes is a metabolic disease that can lead a reduction in health-related quality of life. The EQ-5D is a generic preference-based health-related quality of life questionnaire widely used in patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: the aim of the current manuscript is to provide normative values of EQ-5D-5L for Spanish people suffering from diabetes. METHODS: data from the Spanish Health Survey (2011/2012) was utilized. A total of 1 857 people suffering from diabetes participated in the survey. EQ-5D-5L scores were defined by sex, region (including the 17 Autonomous regions and 2 Autonomous cities of Spain), and 8 age groups. RESULTS: mean EQ-5D-5L utility index for the whole sample was 0.742. It was better for men (0.826) than for women (0.673). Similar results were observed in the VAS. The ceiling effect was much higher for men (44.83%) than for women (24.41%). CONCLUSIONS: the current study provides EQ-5D-5L normative and representative data for Spanish people suffering from diabetes.

Introducción: la diabetes es una enfermedad metabólica que puede conllevar una reducción de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. El EQ-5D es un cuestionario genérico de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud basado en preferencias sociales. Este cuestionario ha sido muy utilizado en pacientes con diabetes. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente artículo es informar sobre los valores normativos del cuestionario EQ-5D-5L en personas españolas con diabetes. Métodos: se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Española de Salud (2011/2012). Un total de 1.857 personas con diabetes participaron en la encuesta. La puntuación del EQ-5D-5L se ha reflejado en función del sexo, región (incluyendo las 17 comunidades autónomas y las 2 ciudades autónomas de España), y 8 grupos de edad. Resultados: la media del índice de utilidad para toda la muestra fue de 0,742. Esta fue mejor para hombres (0,826) que para mujeres (0,673). Resultados similares se observaron en la Escala Visual Analógica. El efecto techo fue mucho mayor en hombres (44,83%) que en mujeres (24,41%). Conclusiones: el presente estudio recoge datos normativos representativos del EQ-5D-5L en España de personas con diabetes.

Normative values of EQ-5D-5L for diabetes patients from Spain / Datos normativos del EQ-5D-5L en pacientes diabéticos de España

Introduction: diabetes is a metabolic disease that can lead a reduction in health-related quality of life. The EQ-5D is a generic preference-based health-related quality of life questionnaire widely used in patients with diabetes. Objective: the aim of the current manuscript is to provide normative values of EQ-5D-5L for Spanish people suffering from diabetes. Methods: data from the Spanish Health Survey (2011/2012) was utilized. A total of 1 857 people suffering from diabetes participated in the survey. EQ-5D-5L scores were defined by sex, region (including the 17 Autonomous regions and 2 Autonomous cities of Spain), and 8 age groups. Results: mean EQ-5D-5L utility index for the whole sample was 0.742. It was better for men (0.826) than for women (0.673). Similar results were observed in the VAS. The ceiling effect was much higher for men (44.83%) than for women (24.41%). Conclusions: the current study provides EQ-5D-5L normative and representative data for Spanish people suffering from diabetes (AU)

Introducción: la diabetes es una enfermedad metabólica que puede conllevar una reducción de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. El EQ-5D es un cuestionario genérico de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud basado en preferencias sociales. Este cuestionario ha sido muy utilizado en pacientes con diabetes. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente artículo es informar sobre los valores normativos del cuestionario EQ-5D-5L en personas españolas con diabetes. Métodos: se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Española de Salud (2011/2012). Un total de 1.857 personas con diabetes participaron en la encuesta. La puntuación del EQ-5D-5L se ha reflejado en función del sexo, región (incluyendo las 17 comunidades autónomas y las 2 ciudades autónomas de España), y 8 grupos de edad. Resultados: la media del índice de utilidad para toda la muestra fue de 0,742. Esta fue mejor para hombres (0,826) que para mujeres (0,673). Resultados similares se observaron en la Escala Visual Analógica. El efecto techo fue mucho mayor en hombres (44,83%) que en mujeres (24,41%). Conclusiones: el presente estudio recoge datos normativos representativos del EQ-5D-5L en España de personas con diabetes (AU)